Interchangeable Manufacturing

Interchangeable Manufacturing and Technical Drawings Until the 1700-1800’s industrial productions was like custom fitting sections in a product. Assembly would consist of craftsman hand filing and grinding roughly shaped parts and putting them together. The invention of interchangeable parts allowed the assembly of products to be done a lot quicker, and without training of a craftsperson. To be able to make the parts there had to be improvements to the technology in the machine had to be made.This led to a mass production of different products such as, cars, appliances, electronics etc. The products can be made in larger numbers then if each one needed to be hand made. With the development of interchangeable manufacturing, technical drawings have become a very important part of the process. Before interchangeable parts were developed the manufacturer would create a part that worked or fit the machine and just kept producing that part.A technical drawing done by draftsmen conta ining known symbols and labels that when sent to the manufacturer they could interpret them and send back a finished product the drafter wanted. Most technical drawings used are simple wire frame views showing the information for production. Technical illustrations are a set of more complex drawings; they contain coloured sections reveling the operating mechanics. Technical drawings are used to convey ideas to others. There function is to communicate descriptions specifications, and instructions to the manufacturer.This is so the three dimensional objects and systems can be made and assembled correctly. The technical drawing shows many important elements that are needed and how they are assembled. They are also made to show each part of the product and the instructions needed. Technical drawings are an essential process of the interchangeable parts assembly. They help the manufacturer know what specifications are required for the product. Without the drawings the assembly would not be able to run as efficiently as it does today.

Poem Interpretation

The poems of Robert Frost reflect a journey, his own personal journey. But more than that, it describes a period of American exploration. â€Å"Desert Places, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening and The Road Not Taken† reveals the poet’s thoughts about the occurrence of changes during his time. It is a revolutionary period for the United States. The Industrial Development is underway, and it fuels a new age in American History. A country is on its way towards progress, and so is Robert Frost’s claim in the literary circle. IN A CAPSULE There is an emotional attachment found in the poem, â€Å"Desert Places.† It may describe a situation out in the cold but inner feelings become a far-reaching instrument on what the poet thinks about things. The portrayal of loneliness is best described in a deserted place on a dark and snowy evening. Treading the road alone brings a heavy feeling. No one is on sight but there is much to overcome. The inner will is far diff icult to tame than the elements along the way. Mr. Frost points out that the actions to deal with certain situations are up to the individual. While there are external factors and influences to consider, what keeps the event in check remains a personal decision.The poet exemplifies a brave stand to never succumb to outside inhibitions while at the same time controlling his inner fear. In â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening,† Robert Frost brings his loneliness into the scene. He is deep in the woods but the snow is still there. His horse is there to keep him company. The place is dark alright, maybe darker than what is seen in the â€Å"Desert Places,† but fear to move onwards has been controlled. â€Å"Lovely woods† is a great description for keeping things in control. But what makes the poem different is that, it is about pursuing dreams and keeping promises.The individual doesn’t stop for anything. His travel continues. His appreciation for what he sees in the woods may have been inspired by the dreams and promises. With those things in mind, he just keeps going and going if only to bring some truth to what he needs to achieve. â€Å"The Road Not Taken† is a piece about choosing sides. It is about options. The poet may have been crossing different paths during his time that he shares his views on what road to take. Robert Frost may have recalled a fateful decision that he made in the past which had a profound impact on his later life.One important note that the poem emphasizes is staying true to something that has already been decided. There are no explanations to consider. Only a statement rings true that taking a side has brought a positive outcome. The poem goes straight to the context of hitting the mark. There are no complaints and no explanations are necessary to back up the road earlier chosen. EVOKING IMAGES A shadow of doubt is cast initially among the three poems. It reveals how human Mr. Frost is to harbor hesitant and uncertain feelings. He goes on to describe the difficulties of finding dreams and making things happen.The literary pieces evokes feelings of being lost in the storm and managing to locate the right track and come out of it all, not necessarily unscathed, but nevertheless victorious. Perhaps people can sympathize what all three poems depict. There is a sense of urgency to do things. A variety of feelings will lead an individual to the unpredictable and the unspeakable. But it is the inner conviction that wins it in the end. A determination withstanding the faces of hardship and difficulty as portrayed by the falling snow and the dark nights will be the vital factor to turning things around.Emotions frequent the poems of Robert Frost. Individuals share in the experience of braving the odds and gaining victory against adversity. People’s inner selves vary but all feel the same way. It is how a person responds to the challenges and the tides of the times that make his life worthy. The poems are timeless, and can be a source of inspiration for generations to come. But it is up to the reading public how they interpret Mr. Frost’s words. Literary masterpieces such as the three poems have a whole lot of meaning to consider. It is as deep as many other pieces can be. It is what makes people human.And it is what keeps the poet man as well. The words itself can bring forth fire and fury. Everyone is on familiar ground. Mr. Frost fuels that desire to conquer and achieve things beyond people’s dreams. This is what binds individuals together. Goals are shared. It is inspiring to address the powerful and brilliant message that the poet instills in the minds of the willing literary enthusiasts. Fear is still felt by the individual. Mr. Frost points that out in the â€Å"Desert Places. † The line which states that â€Å"They cannot scare me with their empty spaces,† evokes a sentiment of being afraid.It is a common feeling. But the biggest difference among readers and followers is how to manage or react to that type of situation. Even the horse in the â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening† wondered about the individual’s doubtful and untrusting attitude towards adversity. Numerous challenges are everywhere. It can be devastating all of a sudden but making dreams come true can be worthwhile. REPRESENTING THE WORLD Most masterpieces inspire people. A poet reveals his thoughts and feelings to many for the purpose of helping others cope up with situations. It is more than poetry.There is nothing more frightful than being stalked out of one’s goals. It all begins with the road. Hardships come and unveil the true character of the individual. Robert Frost seems to be putting the words into his mouth. It can be that his poems are all a reflection of his actions but it can also be that he is putting on a challenge for the rest of the people to follow. He is merely showing the way, showing his emotions to be used as the basis for everybody to look into and get motivated. It is Mr. Frost who gets to speak in his poems but in reality, he is representing each and everyone.People share common dreams. People feel the same fear. The same difficulties lie ahead. The same situations present itself in everyday life. The only denominator is the approach an individual makes while undergoing the various scenes that the poet has depicted for the rest of the people. His marvelous words are written for everybody. If there is a thing in this world that needs changing, it is solely the character of man. People have to be reminded every now and then about certain ideas and information which regards to daily living. Almost always, life is being taken for granted.Robert Frost’s words are just in time to voice essential lessons repeatedly into the minds of many individuals. While his poems are written in the past, the values contained on it are as valuable today as it has been yes terday. One thing worth taking note among Mr. Frost’s poems is the way his masterpieces are told doesn’t complicate things further. It may not bring forth the light of enlightenment but at least it puts a sense of purpose to everything it says. The titles of the poems possess a degree of hiding the content a bit. â€Å"Desert Places† marks that inner fear inside most individuals.But until reading those words until the last stanza, the reader will wonder what Mr. Frost is up to in the first place. Literally, many people will think that the title may correspond to some scenery in the Middle East. But it is not. The reading public must therefore think in order for the poet’s words to sink in. â€Å"The Road Not Taken† keeps people which path the poet choose. His idea of bringing the main thought of the poem is to reverse things a little to allow thinking. There is a twist but never to a level of great difficulty. Mr.Frost has taken the less traveled r oad which leaves many wondering what happened to the other path. In â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening,† the poet again is diverting the attention from the true focus of the lines. Perhaps many are waiting for his story about the reason why he stopped during a snowy situation. But the answer to that may have led the readers to Mr. Frost’s effort to keep going in order to make his promise a reality. Poems may be a mind-twister. But it allows individuals to look deeper. There are details that lead some lines astray.However, it is meant to be as it is just to make the poem a remarkable journey and adventure. SYMBOLISM The three poems are written as narratives. Perhaps based as personal experiences of the poet, a story from each is learned. But always, Robert Frost is hiding something in between the lines. It is not necessarily on purpose, however, there is a need for the reader to uncover some contents of the poem which allows a greater understanding of the piece in its entirety. There are thoughts in between the lines which can be interpreted as mere distractions.The truth is, the ideas are supporting the content of the main thought. There is a real meaning behind most words in the poems of Mr. Frost. Loneliness must never be taken as it is, literally, that is. It can be an emotion of someone craving for attention. It can be a personal journey. It can even be finding oneself in the process. There is whole lot of meaning to the words in between the lines. The familiarity of the poems can be attributed not merely that all are written by the same poet. Robert Frost presents an approach which an individual can relate to in real life.By being in the middle of a snowy night, anybody can put himself on that situation. By being along and driven cold, most individuals press on to achieve their goals. The poems of Mr. Frost are founded on simple yet understandable narrative which presents a scene for readers to follow. It can be that the readers are themselves the heroes in their very own situations. Overcoming difficult situations are present in the â€Å"Desert Places† where the poet not minding the danger presented by the snowy night in the woods continues on with his trip to somewhere.A similar scene is depicted in the â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening† where the individual plunges on no matter what. â€Å"The Road Not Taken† tackles two paths along the way. Still the difficulty of choosing and going ahead with the decision is clearly seen and observed. Robert Frost’s poems uncover scenes of overcoming adversity. It is a symbol of what America stands for, a country on its way to prosperity and development. For always, the room for improvement is being acknowledged in this country. America is a work in progress.The Industrial Revolution during the 18th and 19th Century propels the United States to its seat as a world leader and superpower. With a mixture of different cultures, it continue s to thrive amidst the pressures coming from numerous differences among the races within its domain. America is constantly innovating and developing. Robert Frost portrays the need to pursue dreams and turn them into reality. When a person comes to America, his ideals become a symbol of what the poet says. Everybody who goes to the United States is looking for something bigger. That someone is making the best of everything to live a comfortable life.Along the journey towards progress await the hardships and difficulties of making it big. During the Industrial Revolution, people rush out and risk doing things to reach the American dream. It is the age of inventions. Industries are revolutionized, and lives will never be the same again. That progress continues until today. And it continues to inspire through the words of Robert Frost. In search for a better life, immigrants are knocking on the American doors annually. While new to this country, visiting citizens blend well with their counterparts in doing things no matter how hard they are.To achieve dreams, taking risks mean everything. Mr. Frost points to hard work as the vital factor in pursuing goals and objectives. Roles and responsibilities must play its part to build dreams a reality. The poet is on hand to guide the rest of America into staking their claim for a place in the United States of America. CONCLUSION The deep woods and the falling snowy are very much a part of American culture. Simply said, the way these things are describe in the three poems reflects Robert Frost’s upbringing. He walks through the woods on a snowy night just like any American.How heavy and hard it is to trek the roads ahead make no difference at all as long as the individual marches on in search for his place in a progressive world, one which America and Mr. Frost represents. BIBLIOGRAPHY Collection of Robert Frost’s Poems Retrieved September 13, 2007 from http://www. everypoet. com/Archive/poetry/Robert_Frost/r obert_frost_stopping_by_woods_on_a_snowy_evening. htm Poems of Robert Frost Retrieved September 13, 2007 from http://www. poemhunter. com/poem/desert-places/ Poems by Robert Frost Retrieved September 13, 2007 from http://www. internal. org/list_poems. phtml? authorID=7

I Sit and Look Out Essay

Walt Whitman, a prominent American anti war poet, who lived during the times of civil war witnessed the condition around him with his own eyes and transformed it into literature which still stands relevant to our lives today. The advent of capitalism during this time and its rapid proliferation brought with itself several ramifications. Human concerns were relegated and principles were sidelined. In response to all the atrocities, the people looked around and turned a blind eye towards them. They stood as detached observers who did not try to bring about a change. The poem ‘ I sit and look out ‘ reflects the 21st century apathy of a modern observer. It is written in free verse and makes use of the effect known as symbolism. The basic tone of the poem is extremely pessimistic and the poet uses strong visual impactful words, which conjure up to create a strong impact as well as a strong apocalyptical imagery in our minds. Right from the beginning of the poem, one can feel the poet’s disillusionment of the things of the world. He states that he sits and looks out upon ‘ all the sorrows of the world, and upon all oppression and shame’. The words used in these first two lines are extremely pessimistic and negative in nature. People in today’s world do many things that are against the normal norms. These deeds are committed due to their deviant behavior. When such people realize their mistakes, they have within themselves a feeling of shame and humiliation, which slowly eats away their soul. Also, the word ‘oppression’ gives us an insight into how humans today oppress fellow human beings for completely futile reasons. This shame and oppression ultimately gives rise to a feeling of sorrow accompanied by extreme distress and regret. He also goes on to say that he hears ‘ secret convulsive sobs from young men, at anguish with themselves, remorseful after deeds do ne’. This refers to the soldiers who have been forced to fight and kill in war for their country. It highlights the extreme mental stress that these young men encounter. In the second quarter of the poem, the poet highlights how women in the world are misused and are treated as mere objects for sexual gratification. He sees ‘ in low life, the mother misused by her children. He states that the ‘mother’ who had gifted her children with a wonderful life and had nourished them is now left to die. She lies alone ‘ dying, neglected and gaunt’. He also sees‘ the wife misused by her husband’ and dubs the husband as ‘ a treacherous seducer of young women’. All this shows us how, despite being in the 21st century, the way the women are treated has not yet changed. Even today, women are the least educated, most oppressed and the most objectified part of the society. Most importantly the poet highlights the callous nature of relationships in t oday’s world and in the new generations. His eyes ‘ mark the ranklings of jealousy and unrequited love ‘which are trying to be hidden. For the poet these are mere sights, and he does not posses any insights regarding them. He also sees ‘ the workings of battle, pestilence, tyranny’. He also talks about martyrs and prisoners. All these are the by products of deadly war. In a gruesome imagine, we imagine sailors throwing out people out of the ship so that more food is left for the remaining. It can be interpreted as the policy of the survival of the fittest. The irony here is that, something that is supposed to life giving (sea/water) is taking the same life away. The final thing that the poet observes is how ‘ arrogant persons’ cast ‘ slights and degradation’ and oppress ‘the poor’ and ‘Negroes’. These people are treated in an inhuman way and are subjected to penury, deterioration and severe repression. The poet sees all this on earth, hears about them and yet remains silent. This last line ‘ see, hear and am silent ‘ is perhaps the most significant line in the poem as it brings out the satirical view of the poet as he scorns the modern observer. The whole poem revolves around the theme of 21st century apathy. It is an indictment on society in general for its inability to facilitate meaningful change within itself. People in today’s world see many wrong things occurring around them. However, they don’t try to make a difference and remain unaffected and indifferent. They seem to be overly pre occupied with their own safety and comforts and have lost their moral sense of empathy. In this poem the poet assumes the role of a representative of the society and condemns our lack of apathy, unwillingness to act and our lack of courage to actually take a stand on theses issues. He chastises the lack of moral valor in humans today, saying that we are too unconcerned to open our eyes to the world around us and make our own decisions. He makes an attempt to inspire emotions of disgust, anger and guilt but perhaps most of all, a sense of motivation. He hopes that this sense of motivation will allow the people to notice the deplorable condition, which they have put  themselves in, and wants them to make an effort to make the world into a much harmonious place. Moreover, The real beauty of this poem is that, though it was written about a hundred years ago, it is still relevant in today’s world.

Negotiable Instruments and Bankruptcy - Secured loan in Saudi Arabia Essay

Negotiable Instruments and Bankruptcy - Secured loan in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example Saudi Arabia appreciates suretyship from individuals or companies to reduce the liability of the debt. Most importantly, according to the law guiding commercial mortgages a pledge to have a movable asset as a security for a debt related to a mortgage is regarded as a commercial relationship with the debtor (ARTICLE 1). This implies that a movable asset and all the parties, whose rights and commitments are attached to it can be used to act as a surety against a mortgage. It is imperative note that, a mortgage asset is that one that is saleable and outlined into detail in a current of future mortgage contract. On equal measure, all the properties that have not been acquired cannot be assumed to be mortgaged (ARTICLE 2). This is because there no substantial certainty that the intended plans of acquiring will materialize and in the event that, the properties are not acquired the mortgage contract becomes obsolete. This study finds out that, a mortgage becomes a debt if the amount of the secured debt is established in the mortgage contract. Lien as an option in a mortgage contract A lien is a right offered to another by the owner of a property to secure a debt. Notably, a lien can be the creation of the law for specific creditors. The lien is an option in Saudi Arabia and the mortgaged property can be used as collateral. ... This situation requires the real owner or mortgagee creditor to assert is authority to a substitute mortgage. In inapplicable cases, the mortgagee creditor may annul the contract. For reliability and functionality of this concept, the mortgage and the secured debt must remain indissoluble or enjoined. This is because; the concept of the validity and satisfaction of the mortgage will be only relevant if and only if, the secured loan is valid and satisfactory (ARTICLE 5). For example, if the mortgagor is a different entity other than the debtor, then he shall be entitled to assert the defenses that relates to the debt and he is required to sustain this right even after the relinquishment of the debtor. Sustenance of this right is fundamental in reclaiming the property because e is the real owner. The procedure of enforcement The enforcement procedure depends on the possession rights. For instance, the mortgage shall not be imposed against third party unless the possession rights of the mortgage asset are transferred to the mortgage debtor. This is to ensure that the third party continues to enjoy benefits as he continues to repay the loan. On the other hand, in case of the absence of the mortgage creditor an escrow, who is an individual designated by the mortgage creditor to be in possession of the mortgaged assets and the interest is accruing to him on behalf of the mortgage creditor. The overall essence in this scenario is to allow the mortgage debtor to possess the property until the mortgage is satisfied. On equal measure, the escrow or the mortgage creditor designated by two contracting parties shall assume the ownership rights of the mortgaged asset if the property is put at his disposal through the provision of deeds indicating transfer

International Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

International Business Strategy - Essay Example 11). The analysis focuses on internationalization of Koyo Jeans through its value chain, strategic abilities, and SWOT analysis. SWOT analysis of Koyo Jeans provides a summary of central issues from value chains and the strategic abilities of the company. It is imperative to align the company’s strength and weaknesses to the available opportunities and threats (Caprarescu, Stancu & Aron, 2013, pg. 52). Concerning the strength of this brand, Koyo Jeans built a strong international reputation over a period of ten years. The firm put in place a computer-based system that is advantageous to control and plan inventory as well as ordering. It is clear that Koyo Jeans built a universal reputation through application for admission to Harbor city, which was an excellent shopping mall. Similarly, strength of the brand was in the creation of low-end products for wholesale at reduced prices. This enabled the short period of an inventory cycle as well as capital returns. Meanwhile, the high-grade brand created a reputable brand name and clientele loyalty in the long term. Cheung, the owner of Koyo Jeans had a strat egy of choosing experienced franchise companies that assured brand quality and reputation. Concerning the weaknesses, the company lacked adequate skilled personnel about rapid expansion. The limited personnel comprised of regional managers and visual merchandisers. At first, Cheung worked alone to expand the company with many mistakes that saw the company risking losses. However, as the company continued to expand, Jeffiny Yau and Grace Kwok joined the company in 2001. Yau had studied fashion design and brought in much help to the company ensuring increased expansion. As the company expanded in terms of scale, Yau moved from the design assistant position to brand manager. Kwok was in charge of all administrative and human resource activities. Second

Global Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Global Leadership - Essay Example Coffee exporting possibilities range from exporting raw beans, roasted product, packaged products as well as fast moving consumer products (Such as coffee ready to drink). Although there is already a significant coffee production infrastructure it is my opinion that the market is worth entering. The Coffee association of Canada (2003) indicated that coffee is among the most popular beverage choices in Canada with over 81% of Canadian adults drinking coffee on an occasional basis and over 63% of Canadians drinking coffee daily. Building on this previous point, Agri-Food Canada (2010) indicated that coffee makes up approximately 16% of all non-alcoholic beverage sales in the Canadian market. Source: Agriculture and Agri Food Canada. It was further indicated that average coffee consumption is approximately 2.6 cups a day which exceeds the relative frequency of the United States. Moreover Canadians consume coffee through a number of different channels, home made, at work, through special ty shops discount coffee retailers. By the shear presence of major specialty coffee shops such as Starbucks, Second Cup etc. and major discount retailers such as Tim Hortons or the coffee shop it is apparent that Canadian consumers are familiar with coffee and as such will not need to be educated as consumers on how to consumer coffee.

Anchor Babies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Anchor Babies - Essay Example Generally, an anchor baby can be defined as a child is born to an illegal immigrant or undocumented parents especially in the United States of America and who by the operation of the U.S law acquires an automatic citizenship thus sponsoring the citizenship of other relatives into America.1 According to the principle jus soli, any baby delivered in the United States automatically acquires U.S citizenship. This doctrine is bolstered by the dint of section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment which provides as follows; ‘All persons born or naturalised in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges and immunities of citizens of United State†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Being an inclusive, the doctrine of jus solirenders anyone to become part of U.S citizens merely through birth; citizenship therefore becomes a birth right. A closely related doctrine is that of jus sanguinis, restrictively though in its application. This is in the sense that it solely defines citizenship by blood. In the U.S, the law on citizenship allows for citizenship under both jus soli and jus sanguinisas well as by naturalisation, viz by the operation of the law to move from a legal permanent resident to citizen. As such, the public debate insinuated above has focussed on alterations of such doctrines which have the effect of tendering an amendment of the U.S Constitution. Needles to say, efforts have been made towards this course. For instance, the amendment by Representative Elton Gallegly (Republican from Simi Valley California) who in June 1995 recommended in vain an amendment to the U.S Constitution to terminate automatic citizenship for U.S born children whose parents are undocumented immigrants. H Other efforts include the enactment of several

Profit Maximization - An Actual or Theoretical Objective Essay

Profit Maximization - An Actual or Theoretical Objective - Essay Example For example, rice farmed and thrashed by the farmer is sold for a particular value to companies. These companies in turn process the rice, separating quality grains and packing them with their label, thereby increasing the value of rice. The transporters and stores extract their profit by integrating it in the cost of the rice. In the end, the consumer pays a multifold monetary worth for the rice along with comparable value for money. Some organizations tend to get carried away with their profit-making motives, ending up reaping unjustly high profits. Such organizations tend to lose their loyal customers for two major reasons: not being able to provide comparable value for money and with the entry of competition into their market. Profit Maximization is now a general trend, which had earlier been a typical phenomenon for monopolistic competition – where the absence of competition enables these organizations to charge unjustly high prices for their offerings. Hence it is said t hat free competition is the â€Å"invisible hand† for controlling market prices naturally (Smith). When companies are allowed to compete without regulatory interventions like government policies etc, the resultant market provides both buyers and sellers with best opportunities in terms of exchanges. Buyers and sellers benefit alike from the competition. Profit Maximization: Profit Maximization is a basic Economics concept, which implies extracting highest possible profits through production and sales processes. Profit is the difference between total revenue and the total cost. Total revenue implies the total amount an organization receives from business whereas the total cost means the total investment the organization makes to produce and sell the goods and services. At different activity levels, the cost incurred and the revenue earned tend to be different (as shown in the diagram). From: Sparknotes.com The above graph clearly shows varied profitability at different activit y levels. However, the highest profitability is at the point marked â€Å"profit maximization†. At this point, the difference between costs and revenue is the greatest. At all activity levels below and above this point, the profit is lower in comparison with this point. Profit Maximization can be devised through numerous methods. The aforesaid theory is the Total Cost-Total Revenue methodology for determining the profits. Marginal Revenue-Marginal Cost method is also used to determine maximum profitability activity level. However, the base line for both methods is the same – revenue minus cost equals profit. Theoretically, Profit Maximization is often explained as an unethical practice on behalf of business owners, focusing extensively on monetary gains and overlooking other factors. On this note, it is important to remark that profit maximization does not necessary include unethical practices regarding pricing. However, â€Å"it fails to take adequate account of alte rnative desires of the businessmen, for power, leisure, social prestige, and similar non-monetary rewards† (Koplin). Some critics do not agree that Profit Maximization is the underlying objective for business operations since it does not take into account other factors important in the eyes of the investors. Most businesses do not operate for profit reasons only – some businesses like certain blood banks and hospitals work for societal welfare that cannot be weighed in monetary terms. But some critics maintain the importance of Profit Maximizati

Technology Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Technology Management - Research Paper Example This research will try to show that the technological changes in modern era cannot always help the corporation to increase the business productivity. Technological Changes Cannot Always Help It is true that the productivity in several non-white collar jobs has significantly increased due to the implementation of advanced technology. On the other hand, productivity in several white collar jobs has not grown at the same rate. It can be stated that implementation of advanced technology does not have that as much positive impact on manufacturing as it is identified in office jobs. It is quite difficult to measure productivity in white collar jobs. Poor quality and inadequate measurement process and implementation of high automation can affect the productivity of an organisation. This part of the research will investigate all the aspects through the implementation of appropriate theories and approaches. Lack of Integration and Knowledge Organisations generally implement a computerised acc ounting system within the organisation in order to reduce and control the operational time and cost. It is not true that all the time this automation process can reduce time and cost. Lack of knowledge about advanced technology and functions can take more operating time. ... There are several people outside of the branches or the departments who cannot avail this facility. However, it is important to integrate all the branches and departments all together before implementing the advanced technology in business process. Otherwise, it can reduce the productivity of the organisation. Unmeasured Productivity and Unnoticed Problems It is true that some organisations implement advanced technology and automation process in business practices without thinking about the future consequences. It is very much difficult to measure productivity after the implementation of advanced technology. Inadequate review of technological tools can affect the productivity of the organisation. Inadequate Initial Decision Making Process In certain governmental firms, the purchase of software and equipment is not undertaken with supreme diligence. It is true that several officials do not know how to increase the productivity and efficiency of business process through the implementat ion of advanced technology. It is very much critical to make a decision about the implementation of advanced technology (Grembergen, 2001). Application of advanced technology automation in business process may not increase the productivity of a firm. First of all, it is important for the management of the organisation to conduct comprehensive and real analysis to make effective decisions. It will be very much difficult for the organisation if they implement process of justifying and deciding the wrong way round. The organisation needs to improve the decision making process based on the notion. It can provide effective solution to the problems. Implementation of Technology without effective

China; a dangerous superpower; responding to debate Assignment

China; a dangerous superpower; responding to debate - Assignment Example The military size is not shrinking but growing, this indicates there is more to it than meets the eye. China is gradually establishing its self as an economic giant, and this is the best place to mitigate its threat of becoming a super power. China mostly focuses on virgin markets that are thought to have been neglected by the west. United States of America and it allies should focus on tapping into the markets before China. That will ensure that the countries grow their GDP at a rate similar to China’s and be one step ahead. I agree with the answer and strongly advocate for the United States allies to review their laws in regard to combat and military matters. Japan adopted laws that regulated its military to duties that are close to the ideal ceremonial in combat matters. China with its quest to have a firm grip in the region decided to claim regions that are clearly Japans sole possession. The act violets international law and threaten Japans sovereignty. The region under contention is a joined military training field for both the United States of America and Japan. That might be the main reason China invaded the region. Japan should review its laws and wake up to what its neighbor is doing. The country should invest more into military equipment. The action may make China slow on its pursuit for the territory. China continued expansion economically, and investment into carriers signify that the country is more a threat now and looking to becoming a super power. The USA should assist Japan in strengthening it military both in terms of more combined training and equipment. The act will deter China from invading Japan and help America as a nation have an ally where it can launch an offensive should there be a need for such action. I strongly agree with the author and see China as a growing super power and threat. United States of America has many trade agreements with China making its

A news release from January 20th,indicates a NY Senator with the Assignment

A news release from January 20th,indicates a NY Senator with the backing of Gov. Cuomo, is pushing to raise the age of criminal responsibility from 16 Years old to 18 Years old - Assignment Example As such, the ideal way to deal with the teenage should be through rehabilitation rather than criminal punishment. The only long term answer to juvenile crime is reform of the teenage. Teenage are more susceptible to this change, and the rate of recalcitrance for juvenile offenders under counseling programs in the US have always been significantly lower than that of the adult offenders. Putting teenage in a prison, and even worse with adult offenders is probably to increase the chance of recalcitrance. They are areas of society that should have age issues examined, such as driving. Teenage below 18 years old is susceptible to accident more than any other cohort in the US. This is because the teen tends to be careless and have cases of driving while drunk. The re-examination of the issues will help reduce cases of accidents that are now common in many states. In my view, it is essential to developing new methods for addressing cases of youth offenders to help prevent them from being placed in adult jails (Marchuk,

The Conquest Of Mexico Essay Example for Free

The Conquest Of Mexico Essay The Spaniards, in the conquest of the Mexican people, relied just as heavily on chance and luck as they did on their on their skills on diplomacy and military prowess. The sicknesses that the Spaniards brought over with them in addition to the political situation that the Mexica had established with their neighbors is what really brought about the downfall of the great Mexican civilizations. In addition to these factors there was also the fact that up to this point in history the Americas have had very little in the way of contact from the outside world and consequently had next to no knowledge of the civilizations across the sea. When they first encountered the Spanish Conquistadors they held the belief that they were from the gods and that Cortez was the reincarnation of one of their gods and as such welcomed them with open arms. When you take into consideration all of the factors mentioned above you will see that the conquest of Aztecs and other Native American civilizations by the Spanish was accomplished by three major factors: diplomacy, military prowess, and no small amount of luck. The first of those factors is the diseases that the Europeans brought across the Atlantic with them. The most notable disease that caused the majority of the deaths among the Native American people was the pestilence of smallpox. An account of just how devastating smallpox was among a populace whose immune systems had no prior experience with or any way to combat European diseases can be found in book twelve of the Florentine Codex. â€Å"Before the Spaniards came to us, first an epidemic broke out, a sickness of pustules. It began in Tepeilhuitl. Large bumps spread on people; some where completely covered. They spread everywhere, on the face, the head, the chest, etc. [The disease] brought great desolation, a great many died of it. (Lockhart, 1993, 190)† The account goes on to describe the horrors that the disease had left behind in the lives of those who were lucky enough to survive. Many of the survivors had been left horribly scared or even blinded if they were unlucky enough for the disease to spread into their eyes. The main reason that these diseases had such a devastating effect on the natives and not on the Spaniards is the fact that the natives had very little in the way of domesticated animals. The Europeans had for thousands of years been in possession of a great many domesticated animal, such as pigs, horses, chickens, and cows, and it is these animals that are usually the incubators and carriers of a great many deadly diseases. Since the Europeans had been around them for so long their immune systems had adapted to the situation and were able to combat the diseases. The Aztecs had no such advantage. The deadly diseases of Europe were something completely new to them and their immune systems had no way to combat them. The Spaniards had no compunctions about taking advantage of the situation in their conquest of Mexico. Another huge factor that the Spanish had in their favor was the superior weapons that they had at their disposal and huge advantage that the weapons gave them in battle. The Aztec people were severely limited in the type of weapon that they could wield in battle due to the simple fact that their civilization had never discovered the art of metallurgy which Europe had discovered long prior. The weapons that they created were made from wood and stone. One such weapon that the majority of the Aztec warriors had in their possession is described in the book titled Victors and Vanquished. â€Å"Their primary weapon was a kind of wooden sword set with obsidian blades designed for slashing and incapacitating rather than killing an opponent. (Schwartz 2000 11)† The weapons of the Aztec warriors were all similar to that in that they were designed to incapacitate instead of kill. The entire reason for the Aztecs to be at war was the capture of prisoners that they could sacrifice to their gods. The Spaniards were not like that. Their weapons were designed for one purpose, to kill. Many of those weapons, such as the musket or crossbow, had a much greater range than any of the weapons that the natives could field in battle and they had no answer at all to the power of the Spaniards canons. The one factor that made all of every weapon that the Spaniards had at their disposal superior to any Aztec weapon is the simple fact that they were made of steel. There was one obstacle that the Conquistadors had that would prevent them from overwhelming the Aztecs even with their superior weaponry. That aforementioned obstacle was the fact that the Spanish only numbered in the hundreds while the Aztecs had their entire civilization backing them. The way that they were able to overcome that obstacle was through the art of diplomacy. The constant invasions and taking of prisoners by the Aztecs for their human sacrifices had earned them many enemies among their neighbors. When Spain began its exploration of the new world those very same neighbors saw their chance to finally bring about the destruction of their oppressors. An example of this can be found in a Spanish account of the invasion of Chapultepec. â€Å"The war was sustained fiercely on both sides, since on our side we had the help of many Tlaxacalan warriors †¦(Aguilar, 1993, 196)† The constant warfare and human sacrifice that the gods of the Aztecs demanded of them had finally helped to bring about the downfall of that great civilization. There was no one thing that brought about the downfall of the Mexican people. It was a conglomeration of events that finally toppled the great civilizations. The sicknesses and plaques that the Europeans brought over with them played no small part. The way in which the natives waged war was also a significant factor. The factor that really broke the back of the Aztecs was the constant need for human sacrifice. In their dealings with their neighbors they had created the foundation that Spaniards used for the negotiating of allies in the conquest of Mexico. In this collision of two previously separate worlds it was the Spanish who came out as the victor and the Aztecs as the vanquished.

Midaq Alley, Naguib Mahfouz | Character Analysis

Midaq Alley, Naguib Mahfouz | Character Analysis Midaq Alley, a novel written by Mahfouz, tells us the story of different characters living in a poor alley in Egypt during World War II, a time of change for Egypt when under British rule. The reader finds the emphasis on change experienced by the arrival of foreigners to Egypt is best shown by the women in the alley, specifically through the life Hamida, a character who wants to break through the boundaries set by society. Mahfouz shows the change in Midaq Alley through Hamida and her actions by characterization and by contrasting Hamida to others in the alley, usually the older generation. Mahfouz use of Hamida shows change in all aspects of Egyptian life including religion, monetary and traditions. Mahfouz creates Hamida to be such a rebellious and strong-willed character that he shows the changes and differences between the traditional and the new. Hamida was born in a poor alley in Cairo and has devoted her life towards two objectives, money and freedom. Hamida is a character who will do what she can to better her opportunities to be free from the traditional bonds set by the religious society in which she lives in and to gain more wealth. She has no fear in showing her aggressive behaviour and plans on marrying a successful man who can take her out of the poor alley. Hamida is not afraid to bend cultural traditions if it means making more money as is the case when she becomes a prostitute. Characterization is an important technique used by Mahfouz in his novel. No character stands out as much as Hamida. Mahfouz writes that when she set her delicate lips and narrowed her eyes, she could take on an appearance of strength and determination which was most unfeminine. (24) Gender roles is an important theme in the novel. Females have the traditional roles of housekeeping and taking care of children. However Hamida wants freedom and escape from tradition because of this she is considered unfeminine. Her actions and physical descriptions suggest being unfeminine. Throughout the novel, Mahfouz repeats Hamidas unfeminine qualities like when he writes Perhaps the most commonly said thing about her was that she hated children and that this unnatural trait made her wild and lacking in the virtues of femininity. (40). The reader is shown the contrast between the traditional women, who takes care of children, and Hamida who hates children. Mahfouz uses characterization of Hamida and dialogue to show change in perception of people in the alley, specifically the contrast between the old and young generations. Hamida is the main character who stands out for her desire to escape tradition and social status. Mahfouz shows through dialogue Hamidas jealousy of women who are free from traditional bonds. She tells her mother, You should just see those Jewish girls who go to work. They all go about in nice clothes. Well, what is the point of life then if we cant wear what we want? (Mahfouz 27). For Hamida, money and clothing are the most important thing simply because she views it as a form of gaining freedom. Hamida wished the wealthy Sheikh Darwish would be her husband but only because he was wealthy. Hamida asked herself whether it would be too mean for Darwish to give her ten thousand pounds. Money is clearly the main thought in Hamidas mind. The thought is not uncommon amongst the younger generations and ambition is a very important theme in the novel that is intertwined with money. Both Hussain and Abbas join the British army for money. Mahfouz shows Hamidas yearning for independence through her actions that are considered different to society. Later on in the book, Hamida eventually agrees to marry Abbas, a neighbourhood barber who she really does not care for, but she believes is her way out of her mothers household. Not only is he poor, he is a failure in Hamidas eyes. Hamida wanted to break that cycle of sacrificing her own personal happiness, she was already independent by taking walks on her own during a time when Muslim could not do so. She listened to Abbas when he says, I am going to work for the British Army and I might be as successful as your brother Hussain! (85) Abbas leaves Midaq Alley to join other local residents enrolling in the British army. Many Egyptians benefited from the war. The presence of troops brought many jobs. Hamida as a result gives Abbas a chance because he could succeed, however, keeps an open eye for other wealthier suitors that could suit her wants. The author shows us how Hamida deals with tradition and marriage threw characterization and dialogue. Hamida searches for marriage that will bring her wealth. When Abbas promised that he would make money from the army she was more reluctant to accept his proposal. However money is all that Hamida wants and when the wealthy Salim Alwan took interest in Hamida she quickly forgot about accepting Abbas proposal to marriage. Mahfouz shows Hamida forgetting Abbas through imagery of her eyes and heart. Hamidas heart beat furiously and her eyes show so that their whites flashed.(142) Mahfouz description of the heart makes the reader feel Hamidas thoughts are only in the present and not the past because when the heart beats fast it is usually do to a reaction that presently occurred. Mahfouz also shows Hamidas blindness when he describes the whites(142) of Hamidas eyes flashed(142). Hamida is blinded by greed and she doesnt care for Abbas. For Hamida, Salim was at last the man who could give her all the luxury and freedom she prayed for. Mahfouz shows through listing and repeating Hamidas view of marriage. The greedy Hamida believes that marrying a wealthy man would bring her dignity, beautiful clothes, jewellery, pride, and a whole new world of secure and happy people. (142). Hamida is willing to break tradition and her marriage to Abbas for the wealthy Salim. The repetition of beautiful clothing and jewellery by Mahfouz, throughout his novel, suggest that Hamida wanting to change since she has ragged clothing. Wearing beautiful clothing to Hamida is a sign of freedom because clothing expresses an individual especially when that individual can chose what to wear. When Umm Hamida asks Have you forgotten that you are engaged? And that I confirmed it by reading the Quran with Abbas? Hamida shouted in full, angry scorn, that barber!. Mahfouz shows that Hamida does not care for Abbas despite the fact that he truly cares for her. Mahfouz shows the reader that marriage in Egy pt is about transactions and gaining money not about true love as it should be. Hamida tells her mother He must go. She only wants to succeed in life. Hamida would be violating the Quran because she has already committed herself to Abbas. Mahfouz shows the importance of religion in the alley when Umm Hamida tells her daughter that punishment for violating the Quran is harsh (146). Hamida, a rebellious character, does not allow anything to interfere with [her] happiness. Mahfouz shows through Hamida how the change in society has affected her and others. Hamidas pimp Ibrahim Faraj advises her how to be more attractive to his clients. She agrees to be called Titi from now on, a name that will amuse Englishmen and Americans and one which their twisted tongues can easily pronounce. (217) Hamida accepted this change and everything else that goes with it. Mahfouz shows through similie all that Hamida will give up in order to gain money. She realized that he considered her name, like her old clothes, as something to be discarded and forgotten. (216) Hamida is willing to give up her own name so she can gain wealth and beautiful clothes. Ibrahim provides his whores with English teachers telling them: I keep telling them that they cant learn a language just by memorizing words and phrases. (221) The fact that the prostitutes need to learn English for their job shows the rise of multiculturalism in the Middle East as foreign languages make their way into societ y. Eventually when Abbas discovers Hamida with British troops at a local tavern, he allows all the despair he has suffered to explode. He throws an empty beer glasses at her face and the troops murder him. The irony is that Hamida returns to the alley and once again keeps to the original way of life. To conclude Mahfouz use of Hamida shows change in the alley because Hamida as a character does not follow traditions. She breaks the commitment to Abbas despite confirming with the Quran. She is void of feminine features with her violent nature and her greed for wealth. Her need to be free encourages her unfeminine nature and was something common during the 20th century when females had to take up male jobs when the men were fighting in World War II. Females as a result gained more freedom on the global scale just as Hamida wished to gain. Research: Investigation of a problem Research: Investigation of a problem 4.1 Introduction The process of finding a solution to a problem after a thorough study and analysis of the situational factor is known as research (Sekaran-2000). This implies that research is an organized and systematic investigation of a problem. In a research, there are various methods, techniques and instruments been use to gather the information. After gathering the informations, those informations need to be analyzed and evaluated align with the research aim to recommend a solution for the problem. This chapter outline the various research designs and methods been used in this research. 4.2 Research Philosophy: During choosing the research methodology, the researcher needs to adopt one which aligns with the research objective. Research philosophy mainly depends on how the researcher wants to carry out the research. The researcher can use multiple approaches to find out the best possible answer from the various dimensions. Saunder et al. (2003) approach appear reasonably logical as they compare research process with an onion layer and arguing about different layers. The onion shows there are three research philosophies. Research process onion Source: Saunders et al (2003, p 83) According to Saunders et al. (2003) research process onion, there are three types of research philosophies. They are Positivism, Interpretevism and Realism. Comprehensive analysis of all the philosophies been carried out by the researcher to selecting the most suitable methodology for this research. 4.2.1 Positivism: According to Saunders et al. (2003), The researcher in this tradition assumes the role of an objective analyst, coolly making detached interpretations about those data that have been collected in apparently value free manner. This methodology is mostly carried through observation and focus on lightly structured methodology. The result of this philosophy is totally based on the real fact and gathered data rather than just interpretation of different opinions. 4.2.2 Interpretivism: This method of research philosophy is based on the ways, people think about various aspects of a particular topic. As different people analyze the same thing in different ways, the researcher can gain the different view of the particular topic. 4.2.3 Realism: Saunders et al. (2003) Realism is based on the belief that a reality exists that is independent of human thoughts and beliefs. It implies that, there could be forces on factors that could affect people and it does not matter whether the person aware about the presence of the factor or not. Saunders et al. (2003) claimed that, often business and management research is a mixture of positivism and interpretivism and reflect the attitude of realism. It shows researcher(s) show not bound one self to just one type of research philosophy. For this research, the researcher use realism and interpretivism research philosophy and these were considered most appropriate by the researcher, though positivism approach was also used to get an unbiased result. 4.3 Research Approach: Saunders et al. (2003) showed, there are two types of research approaches. They are Inductivism approach and Deductive approach. 4.3.1 Inductivism approach: In this approach the researcher need to develop own theory after data collection and analyze those data. It is important for the researcher (s) to know the previous work in the same field. 4.3.2 Deductive approach: is such an approach where the researcher(s) need to create a theoretical model and framework and try relating with the relevant discipline and finally collecting the data to test the created model or framework whether it match the researcher (s) expectation or not. For this research, the researcher used inductive approach of research due to the limited time scale. The researcher tried to develop an own theory, collected data through different data collection method (questionnaire, interview and observation) and also tried to find out any previous research on the same field, though there were several on the same topic but none were done in the same organization. 4.4 Access to the data: As a previous employer, the researcher explains the benefits, nature and the process of the research to several managers and enrollment officers. The researcher formally invites them to participate in the interview and fill up the questionnaires with the employers. The researcher used existing contacts strategy to gaining access to the organization. 4.5 Sampling: According to the Jankowicz (2000), Sampling is the deliberate choice of the number of people who are to provide you with the data from which you will draw conclusions about some larger group whom those people represent. It means that, sampling is a segment from a large group of people who will provide the data on behalf of the whole group. As the population using to identify the practices and the major elements of recruitment and selection process at Grameen Phone and examine the effectiveness of the recruitment and selection methods used by Grameen Phone. The researcher chooses several Grameen Phone managers and enrollment officers as sample group for this research. Due to get the different view of the topic the researcher include HR Executives into this research as the managers may only think about the organizations point of view. Figure: 4 Total numbers of the samples for this research (%) Total population size for this research was 125. However a Total number of 97 respondents including 72 HR Executives, 18 training and development officers, 5 Selection and Recruitment Officer, 1 Deputy Manager and 1 HR manager are in sample size for the questionnaire from the Grameen Phone. Sample size was cut down to 97 from 125 populations due to their different time shifts of work and incomplete questionnaires. 3 Selection and Recruitment Officers and 2 Training and Development Officers were the sample size for the semi structured interview. The researcher followed the simple random sampling process to run the questionnaire. 4.5 Source of information: There are two sources of information, these are primary and secondary sources and the data gathered through those resources are called primary data and secondary data. 4.5.1 Secondary Data: Anderson (2004) describes secondary data as Data which has been generated else where for other purpose. It implies that, secondary data is the data which is already exist and gathered by some other people for different reasons. This type data include both raw data published summaries. Secondary data were mostly used by the researcher in the literature review to gain an in depth knowledge and to get a clear understanding of the subject area. Gathering the secondary data is time consuming and time effective for the researcher as most of the findings from previous researches already existed in form of books and journals etc. Moreover, as existing high quality data collected and analyzed by following well established procedures, the reliability and validity of the secondary data remains high. Stewart and Kamins (1993) said, secondary data are likely to be higher quality data than gather by the researcher himself. 4.5.2 Primary Data: according to Anderson (2004), Primary data is information that is collected by the researcher, usually for the purpose of particular research project. It means that, for any specific project when the researcher collects data are known as primary data. To achieve a great acceptability and to find the best possible result of this research, researcher used both primary and secondary data. 4.6 Research Design: According to Smith et al (2003), a research design is organizing research activity, including the collection of data, in ways that are most likely to achieve the research aims. Data can be collected by using quantitative techniques or qualitative techniques. Both the qualitative and quantitative methods been employed to carry out this research. 4.6.1 Quantitative Technique: According to Hair et al. (2003) said, Quantitative data are measurements in which numbers are used directly to represent the properties of something. Babbie (1992) describes the quantitative research as the numerical representation and manipulation of observations for the purpose of describing and explaining the phenomena that those observations reflect. It implies that in quantitative technique researchers observation and finding are present through numerical form. Generally quantitative technique focus to measure the phenomena. By using this technique, researcher will get the result in numerical or statistical form. Responses in quantitative method are not as explanatory as qualitative method. Quantitative method are often most appropriate for conducting needs assessments or for evaluations comparing outcomes with baseline data. Finally Denzin and Lincoln (1994) said that, quantitative studies emphasize the measurement and analysis of causal relationships between variables, not process. 4.6.2 Qualitative Technique: According to Mason (1996), qualitative research usually does use some form of quantification, but statistical forms of analysis are not seen as central and should be conducted as an ethical practice. It implies that the research involves more peoples understandings and interactions. Though qualitative research is not always appropriate for every research problems and there is more chance of sacrifice scope for detail. . Mariampoliski (2001) said, Qualitative technique provide competitive tool for advancing the state of knowledge and pushing insights. This type of data can obtain through interview or observation. This method can be expensive and could long time to finish the process. This technique is used when the researcher wants to understand any phenomena in a descriptive way rather than any numerical figure. Due to its exploratory nature, this technique tries to describe, decode and translate any phenomena. Mixed methods were used in this research. Cresswell (1994) also said, researchers should make the most efficient use of both paradigms in understanding social phenomena. A positive approach for data collection in the Questionnaires was carried out with both for lower level employees and members of management officer. Semi structured (face to face) interviews were carried out with 3 HR Managers and, Recruitment and Selection Officer of different GP Center. Four interview observations were done by the researcher as well. This study is designed in such ways that helps in collecting necessary data for confirming or contradict the above mentioned hypothesis. 4.7 Questionnaire: According to DeVaus (1991), A questionnaire is a data collection tool, which requires each research participant to respond to the same set of questions in a pre-determined order. It implies that all the respondents answer the same questions by themselves and the researcher make sequences of the question previously as per requirement to gather data. The questionnaire was structured with questions based on both employer and employees perception about the existing recruitment and selection process are used by Grameen Phone and their effectiveness. The questionnaires were distributed to both employer and employees at several GP customer care branches. The questionnaire was standardized without any kind of bias from the researcher and was logical. The researcher try not to design the questionnaire too long and complicated as the respondents might feel bore or misunderstand the questions. To prevent the respondents from any misunderstanding, clear instructions were given in the questionnaire. According to Saunders et al (2003), the use of questionnaires to survey a sizeable population is a highly economical way of collecting data in a relatively short time, and therefore a popular and common data collection method in business and management research. Data collection through this method is time consuming and there is a scope that respondents can express their thoughts. On the other hand, low response rate is the big disadvantage of this method, as this rate may affect the validity of the result. Oppenheim (1986) said, there is no opportunity for additional explanations and Bell (1999) said poor questionnaires result in poor answers. 4.8 Semi Structured Interview: Semi structured interview help interviewees to express their thoughts and concern freely. According to Saunders et al. (2003), interview is a good instrument for collecting valid and reliable information relevant to research objective. This type of interview helps the managers to display their concern about the existing recruitment and selection process of Grameen Phone. In this study, interviews carried out were semi structured in nature, contained few numbers of open ended questions were asked. Interviewees been given enough space and time to elaborate the answers and the interviewer can identify the meaning behind the replies. Time and the length of the interview were taken into account to prevent the interviewee from being carried away from the interview. 4.9 Observation: According to Cooper and Schindler (2003), Observation alone can capture the whole event as it occurs in its natural environment. It means that observation is a systematic, proper controlled and scientific method of data collection. This method has high validity in research conducting. There is less possibility in this method that participants ideas would be influence the data since there is no interaction between the observer and the participants. Data can be gathered in real time through this method. However, Collins and Hussey (2003) said, there are some drawbacks of this method like ethics, visibility, restriction in the use of technology are major and for large sample group observational studies are difficult. Moreover, accuracy of the data collection depends on the skill of the observer. For this research, the researcher observed several different recruitment interviews of employers at Grameen Phone. In most cases, participants were informed by the manager that the researcher would be present during the interview to gain some practical knowledge regarding recruitment interview, hence,the collected data were not influenced by the researchers presence. 4.10 Ethical Issue: Saunders et al. (2003) said, ethical issues to be anticipated and corrected during the research design stage. Researcher need to be cautious about his / her own action and those affected by it during the research. In this research, the researcher try to avoid any kind of bias during prepare the questionnaire. Both open and close ended questions were asked. Open ended questions gave the researcher chance to gain an insight of the provided answers, however due to their ambiguity nature qualitative answers are not easily evaluated. During the interview observation stage, the researcher was not allowed to use any recording device by the Enrollment Officer to ensure the organizational privacy. However, the researcher was allowed to take notes. Privacy of the respondents and the organization is another ethical issue. According to Robson (1993), The researcher needs to observe certain privacy rights for those who become subjects of the research. To protect their employment relation, the employers completing questionnaire need privacy. Those who did not want to be a part of the research, their refusal were accepted. The researcher had to make sure all the information received will kept anonymous to protect the confidentiality. Before gathering the secondary data, the originality of the sources were double checked by the researcher. 4.11 Reliability and Validity: Robson (1993) said, Subject error is an issue of reliability and this happens as a result of carrying out questionnaires on employers at different times can lead to different results. It implies that, if the researcher gets different results in different time by using the same questionnaire then the subject error could take place and that is a matter of reliability of the process. Saunders et al. (2003) said, reliability can be measured based on the similarities between the results taken by different occasions and by different researchers. If the results are similar, the research is reliable. Again, Robson (1993) said, Reliability of the research can be measured by how accurate the researcher is with the actual findings. For this research, the researcher used various sources of evidence which have been documented and it was essential for the researcher to achieve both reliable and valid result. What Do We Mean By Political Authority? What Do We Mean By Political Authority? INTRODUCTION Political power or sovereign power is exercised through a man or an assembly of men. Commonly, we recognize that its mission is to ensure social cohesion and the development of the prosperity of the State. This is possible under the condition that its authority is established and maintained. If the State had no recognized authority, it would not have power and could not fulfil its mission; it would not rise above other forms of power. It would not exist. If all political power supposes authority, it is however not very clear to determine what can ensure this authority and therefore how to establish the base of the political power itself. We see that a State has always many rivalries. And who says rivalries, says conflicts to resolve before a higher court. Isnt the essence of power, to resolve conflicts? Does it only exist by the fact that it exercises a constraint? Our line of analysis will therefore be focusing on the consideration of power in its exercise.   Power is a term with a meaning that exceeds politics. It designates a capacity which is superior and that could eventually turn into act. Political power has a particularly important place, because it is a symbol of power in this world, a kind of temporal power, because it is highly coveted due to its rarity, because it is how men can express a will of supremacy through the domination of other men, and an insatiable desire for recognition, that of the egocentric and the tyrant. Political power is historically formed through a process by which it acquires an authority in the name of the people to whom it applies. However following the guarantee of authority that it receives, it has a different meaning. In other words one needs to understand how the power is legitimised. Let us therefore analyse the different factors of political power legitimisation. TRADITION Tradition was once, and still is in some remote areas of this world, the sufficient guarantee of the authority. In a traditional society or absolute monarchy, the social and political powers are blended. The Chief or the King embodies the main political powers be it legislative, executive or judicial. This is not so much a question of person, but a sanctification of power that comes from the inertia of the habits and customs. It is the custom that requires that the chief passes its power to his son. It is the custom that requires that the heir becomes King, because it has always been done this way. It is the custom that says that it is just, so be it. A person who has a great respect for tradition does not alter the power of custom, but it perpetuates it. The strength of habits transforms in law what has always been practised until then. Traditional power is derived from customs. That is how a child is sacred King, by mere line of descent, without any other legitimisation of power than the one of the authority of the past, the seniority of the custom and traditions. The tradition has its own authority; it is a reference to the memory of men because it carries values worth of high respect. Tradition confers the force of continuity to time. RELIGION In the same sense, religion, far from opposing this conservation of the past; just adds its weight of authority to tradition. It gives the authority a sacred value: it teaches that all authority comes from God and not from men. Disturbing tradition, means to attempt to a sacred order, undermining the sovereign person is a blasphemy. The traditional sovereign is here endowed with political power by taking on an aura of cult prestige. In the eyes of individuals in society, he is much more than a man. He embodies a divine power and it is this aura of sacred power that makes him respectable, not only the constraint that he exerts. The link between the subject and the sovereign is shadowed not only by a superstitious fear, but also by a respect for the sacred. We lend to the sovereign some magical powers, the same way we could lend them to religious prophets. Religion reassures people, it reinforces the established hierarchies, it does it so well that it tends to turn the established order into a sacred order, which cannot be changed without being considered a desecration of the established order. Like in traditional societies, the distinction between spiritual and temporal powers does not occur; the sovereign has all of them imbedded in him. He is regarded as a leader and the representative of God on Earth. In this case again, tradition is the social factor that legitimizes power. However we shall note that tradition does not refer to a particular regime, but above all it refers to the trust and attachment of a people to a singular system. Nowadays and in the West, this form of power no longer seems to be at the forefront, as it could be the case in other continents. Nevertheless the power of tradition is considerable. It is at the same time the preservation of the past and the force of continuity at the heart of evolution, while also having the character of maintaining a rigid straitjacket that endures practices sometimes morally controversial. The rigidity of traditions and their corruption calls for the need of revolutions. INDIVIDUALISM The decline of the tradition, the rise of individualism witnessed during modern times, has promoted another form of legitimization of power, namely the charisma. Originally however, charisma had a religious sense; it was the personal grace that God granted an elected, which gave him an extraordinary power. In the political sphere, the idea remains that some men are called to be heroes of history. Charisma is the power that emanates from the radiation of a personality. The charismatic power comes from the recognition by the peoples collective consciousness, of a politician persona, and enforces the idea that the personal will of a man can be identified with the will of the State, as if he could embody the spirit of a nation. In peoples mind, the power of a man becomes legitimate when after a revolution; he is converted into a saviour, a chief, a supreme guide, a fà ¼hrer, a great leader, etc. The people saw in him an actor who has the vocation to take in hand the reins of power in order to lead the nation towards a better future. The charismatic leader is meant to play a role on the stage of history. Through him, a nation feels like receiving a call from destiny. If power acquires then legitimacy, it is no longer due to habits and custom, or to the normal functioning of institutions, but it is for some psychological reasons, because it is perceived as symbolic through the figure of a charismatic leader. It is undeniable that this form of power has always existed. At all times, charismatic leaders such as Caesar, Lenin, Stalin, Mussolini, Hitler, Mao Tse Toug, Che Guevara, Fidel Castro, and even De Gaulle, have in common an incontestable charisma. First and foremost a politician is muscled by the strength of his character. An elector often votes for the man more than for his ideas. If the charisma is the important psychological factor for the legitimisation of power, one can ask however to what extent such an assumption can support itself. The fact that many voters vote more for a person than for his ideas is totally absurd. In practice, charisma is irrational. Power excessively personalised may be abusive, precisely because it is customised, while in reality it only achieves an impersonal function of the State. THE RULE OF LAW Legal authority is based on a legitimisation of power resulting from the authority of the laws. It is the only factor of legitimisation that can be accepted in a rational manner. Power in the modern sense of our democracies, is regulated by a process of recognition provided by our institutions. It is the only one that corresponds to the democratic State and its ideals, where the citizen can rationally accept a power which he himself has delegated. The citizen rationally submits himself to laws that he considers right and valid for all. The legality is based on established rules that have been discussed and agreed upon. It implicitly assumes a social contract that everyone is able to recognize. Habits and custom are not justified, they simply repeat themselves, charisma imposes a personal will, but it only contains dominance which is also a constraint, while laws are discussed, reasoned and voted. It does not compel the citizen; it binds it, which is different, the approach is not coercive. Since the State has to neutralize violence, it can only do it rationally by using the authority of the laws. If the State exerts some kind of violence, it will have to justify in the name of the respect of the laws. The citizen can recognize the authority of the law and as a result, the use of force on behalf of the law. Max Weber admits that the State has the monopoly of legitimate violence. The political power that is at the base of the modern State is the power of the rule of law; its legitimisation comes from the collective consent of accepted laws. This means that the governing body when performing its leading duties is not the possessor but only the trustee of the laws. Rousseau said that politics are a Minister of the people. This distinction cannot be marked in the legitimisation of the habits and custom and charisma, where, on the other hand, the sovereign is felt as the owner of the power. In addition, founded on a legal basis, a sovereign cannot use power to accommodate freely his personal wishes. However the existence of the traditional power and charisma shows us that we would be wrong to have an idea too rational of power. Political power is not a power, whose springs are fully rational nor is economical power. Legality is in principle a formal way that covers in reality the collective consciousness of a nation. What we can say is that the exercise of the power in our democracies is in the hands of institutions that are independent from the will, passions and interests of those who govern. Therefore, ideally, political power is in fact the expression of the general will of a nation. This power is legitimised by the authority of the establishment of rules and laws that have been voted by universal suffrage.

The Major Macroeconomic Policy In Malaysia Economics Essay

The Major Macroeconomic Policy In Malaysia Economics Essay Among the major macroeconomic policy in Malaysia is to achieve sustained economic growth. Continued economic growth means an increase and expansion of an economy of a country. Increased economic activity is shown by the ability of an economy to produce goods and services increasing. To achieve sustained economic growth will increase a countrys income and per capita and can provide employment opportunities to the public. Continued economic growth to measure the performance of a countrys economic development. Continued economic growth means the economic development of a physical nature such as the total production of industrial goods, increase production of other economic sectors, infrastructure development, increase the number of school social and economic development or other. Continuing economic growth rate achieved by a country can be measured by the growth of real national income. In the economic growth we can see from the developments of an economic activity in terms of increased production of goods and services. To determine the growth of an economy, we can measure using real GDP or GNP. GDP is the total market value of all final goods and services issued by a country within a year regardless of who issued it. While GDP means the total market value of all goods, services produced by the end of the only citizen of a country within a year. There are factors that affect economic growth, continuing the development of educational standards and providing training facilities, the use of high technology, foreign investments and market expansion. Hence, to achieve low unemployment is one of the main macroeconomic policies in Malaysia. Unemployment means a condition in which part of the workforce who wants to work at a certain rate of wages in the market that cannot be any jobs. Labor or labor in an economy cannot be equated with the population in an economy. Labor can be referred to those aged between 15 and 58 years were working. While unemployment is not including school, college, university, and retirees. Unemployment is divided into 6 types of unemployment is frictional unemployment, structural unemployment, cyclical unemployment, technological unemployment, seasonal unemployment, and unemployment is not significant. The effect of unemployment will have an impact on the economy they do not encourage economic growth and will make the waste of factors of production. While the impact on individuals and society will lose the skills nor the person and the political and economic instability. To achieve a lower unemployment usin g monetary policy. Monetary policy to cope with unemployment in some way. First, reduce the statutory reserve ratio. When unemployment, the central bank should reduce the statutory ratio of commercial banks made. This will provide the ability for banks to increase lending. Meanwhile, brush will also increase public purchasing and to provide opportunities to meet the aggregate demand in the community. Hence, unemployment will be low and decreasing. In addition, lowering the bank rate or discount rate from the central bank to reduce unemployment. Bank rate is the interest rate charged by central banks to commercial banks. When the bank lowered rates by the central bank will lead to commercial banks will lower interest rates on public investment. Low interest rates will increase investment and to provide increased employment opportunities increased. Low inflation one of the main macroeconomic policy in Malaysia. Inflation means that prices are going in the general price level. Price means the price will generally reflect the overall price level of goods and services is available in an economy at a particular time. One method to reduce the general price level is taking a number of specific goods and services as a representative of the overall goods and services is there an economic performance and price will be measured using the price index. To achieve macroeconomic policy, we need to take several steps to achieve the lowest inflation rates. Among the basic use of physical. Physically able to control the tax policies of the items referred to the food, household goods, electrical goods, electronics and so forth. In addition, the terms of the administrative government should continue efforts to encourage healthy competition to produce goods and services performance of high productivity, technological modernization and competitiven ess of the industry in terms of product prices. Increasing food production capacity as well as to reduce the inflation rate. Finally, the balance of payments is one of the main macroeconomic policies in Malaysia. Definition of an account balance payments showing the inflow and outflow of foreign currency from any country. Foreign currency is to buy one currency and selling of another currency. The balance of payments is also a statement about the show business value. When the transaction value of its exports more than imports, the balance of payments in surplus and vice versa when the transaction value of its imports exceed exports, the balance of payments will be reduced.

Greed of the Pardoner in Chaucers Canterbury Tales :: Pardoners Tale Essays

Canterbury Tales - The Greed of the Pardoner Throughout literature, relationships can often be found between the author of a story and the story that he writes.   In Geoffrey Chaucer's frame story, Canterbury Tales, many of the characters make this idea evident with the tales that they tell.   A distinct relationship can be made between the character of the Pardoner and the tale that he tells. Through the Prologue to the Pardoner's tale, the character of the Pardoner is revealed.   Although the Pardoner displays many important traits, the most prevalent is his greed.   Throughout the prologue, the Pardoner displays his greed and even admits that the only thing he cares about is money: "I preach nothing except for gain" ("Pardoner's Tale", Line 105).   This avarice is seen strongly in the Pardoner's tale as well.   In the Pardoner's tale, three friends begin a journey in order to murder Death. On their journey, though, an old man leads them to a great deal of treasure.   At this point, all three of the friends in the tale display a greed similar to the Pardoner's.   The three friends decide that someone should bring bread and wine for a celebration.   As the youngest of the friends leaves to go buy wine, the other two greedily plot to kill him so they can split the treasure only two ways.   Even the youngest decides to "put it in his mind to buy poison / Wit h which he might kill his two companions" (383, 384).   The greed, which is evident in the character of the Pardoner, is also clearly seen in the tale. Another trait that is displayed by the Pardoner and a character in his tale is hypocrisy.  Ã‚   Although the Pardoner is extremely greedy, he continues to try and teach that "Avarice is the root of all evil" (6).   The characters in his tale display great hypocrisy as well.   As the tale begins, the friends all act very trustworthy and faithful towards all of their friends.   They nobly make a decision to risk their lives while trying to slay their friend's murderer.   As they talk about their challenge, they pledge "to live and die each of them for the other, / As if he were his own blood brother" (241-242).   At the end of the tale, the "brothers" begin to reveal their true nature.   They all turn on each other in an attempt to steal the treasure for themselves.

Buddhism Essay -- essays research papers fc

The origin, traditional Buddhism began in the 6th century BC with the historical personage born Siddhartha Gautama, but better known by a variety of titles including Shakyammi, Tathagata, or most commonly Buddha, the enlightened one. The legend of the Buddha’s life has acquired plenty of variations and embellishments over the years, but the basic facts are accepted as traditional, including the dates of his birth and death (563-489 BC by Western reckoning, 624-544 according to Sri Lankan tradition). The story of Buddha’s birth is encrusted with myth and fable as that of any God-figure in human history. For instance, he is said to have issued from his mother’s womb stating that his cycle of rebirths was about to end. Again, some Buddhists devoutly accept the fables as we in the west accept Christmas narratives, while others choose to focus on the truths beneath the myths. We do know with some certainty that the Buddha was born to a royal family in northern India, in the foothills of what is now Nepal. Siddhartha Gautama led a sheltered existence in the court of his father, Shuddhodana, the king of the Shakya clan, who shielded him from any knowledge of human suffering or religions of the time. Soon after his birth a soothsayer named Asita predicted that he would become either the emperor of all India or if the "Four Passing Sights" should come to pass he would renounced the world and would become the greatest spiritual leader the world has ever known. Shuddhodana, Gautama, a member of the warrior-ruler caste, preferred the royal vocation and provided his son with three palaces located so that his son would not experience the dramatic seasonal changes. He placed at his son disposal anywhere from 10,000 to 40,000 dancing girls to keep his mind firmly rooted in the "real" world. He also gave orders that his son should never see t he sick, the aged, dead bodies, and nor should a monk be allowed near his son. But, as so often happens when manipulative fathers groom their sons to take over the family business, Siddhartha rebelled. At 16 he married a beautiful young princess named Yasodhara, by whom he fathered a son, Rahula. Over the ensuing years Gautama, was shielded from the facts of the real world. But legend states the gods intervened with what is now called the "Four Passin... ...He then continued to meditate for a total of 49 days, for it was at this time all Buddhist down through the ages believed, Gautama, first experienced Nirvana: the goal of Buddhism; it means freedom from karma; extinction of all craving; the realization of the true nature of the mind. This is the closest thing in Buddhism to the western world’s idea of salvation, the ultimate goal of all religious faiths. Traditionally, the accounts were committed to writing in Sanskrit and in Pali, a Sanskrit derived Indian dialect within 100 years of the Buddha’s death, but modern scholars places the dates closer to the 2nd and 1st century BC. The written records of his sermons and dialogues are known as sutras. Unlike other major religions of the world the concept of a divine being, as in, Hinduism’s Atman-Brahman, Judaism’s Yahweh, and Islam’s Allah, Buddhism does not proclaim any worship of any god. Buddhist believes that the divine being, per say, is not something you believe in, or worship, or can describe but instead something you experience. Bibliography 1. http://buddhism.about.com/ 2. http://www.buddhanet.net/ 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism

Eudora Weltys The Ponder Heart :: Eudora Weltys The Ponder Heart

Eudora Welty's The Ponder Heart There are many different ways to categorize The Ponder Heart. Some critics have said that it could be a dramatic monologue, a comic monologue, or a point of view. In the article "Seeing through Edna Earle: The Ponder Heart as a Dramatic Monologue," the author is not clear whether the novel is a dramatic monologue or not. In A Handbook to Literaturethere is a very clear definition of a dramatic monologue. A dramatic monologue is defined as "a poem that reveals, a "soul in action" through the speech of one character in a dramatic situation."The Ponder Heartis close to a dramatic monologue because "There is a speaker: Edna Earle Ponder. There is an audience: a stranger. There is an occasion: we find ourselves in the parlor of the Beulan Hotel" (Nissen, 1). The "point of view" is defined by Nissen as "the nexus of our interpretation of the novel's characters, events, and thematic significance"We get this information from Edna Earle as she tells us of her stories. It is her "point of view" we receive and see. To understand the monologue character, I have some different descriptions of Edna Earle. Edna Earle has been labeled in many different ways. "She has been accused of being just about everything from bossy to narrow-minded to just plain dumb" (Nissen, 2). She has been labeled as "a talkative, frustrated, limited, boring woman, desperately trying to keep her house in order," according to another critic, Kreyling. I do not see this at all in Edna Earle's character. It seems that Edna Earle is in charge of the town gossip. She runs the main hotel in town, her family is very important people in this town, and that is why she gets all of the gossip. Small town's talk about everything. Edna Earle is a strong but lonely woman. I believe that she talks about the town gossip so her listener will stay with her. That way she is not left alone. Another critic by the name of Robert Laugbaum says that Edna Earle, " is a bit of a snob, she is opinionated and speaks her mind."I agree with this when Edna Earle speaks of Bonnie Dee Peacock. She talks about Bonnie Dee's intellegence, the way she dresses, and suggests that she is railroad trash. It makes the reader believe that Edna Earle is better than Bonnie Dee. Except, deep down, Edna Earle actually likes Bonnie Dee because when she died, "one of the last things she says is that she misses Bonnie Dee" (Nissen, 4). In the article "Seeing through Edna Earle: The Ponder Heartas a Dramatic Eudora Welty's The Ponder Heart :: Eudora Welty's The Ponder Heart Eudora Welty's The Ponder Heart There are many different ways to categorize The Ponder Heart. Some critics have said that it could be a dramatic monologue, a comic monologue, or a point of view. In the article "Seeing through Edna Earle: The Ponder Heart as a Dramatic Monologue," the author is not clear whether the novel is a dramatic monologue or not. In A Handbook to Literaturethere is a very clear definition of a dramatic monologue. A dramatic monologue is defined as "a poem that reveals, a "soul in action" through the speech of one character in a dramatic situation."The Ponder Heartis close to a dramatic monologue because "There is a speaker: Edna Earle Ponder. There is an audience: a stranger. There is an occasion: we find ourselves in the parlor of the Beulan Hotel" (Nissen, 1). The "point of view" is defined by Nissen as "the nexus of our interpretation of the novel's characters, events, and thematic significance"We get this information from Edna Earle as she tells us of her stories. It is her "point of view" we receive and see. To understand the monologue character, I have some different descriptions of Edna Earle. Edna Earle has been labeled in many different ways. "She has been accused of being just about everything from bossy to narrow-minded to just plain dumb" (Nissen, 2). She has been labeled as "a talkative, frustrated, limited, boring woman, desperately trying to keep her house in order," according to another critic, Kreyling. I do not see this at all in Edna Earle's character. It seems that Edna Earle is in charge of the town gossip. She runs the main hotel in town, her family is very important people in this town, and that is why she gets all of the gossip. Small town's talk about everything. Edna Earle is a strong but lonely woman. I believe that she talks about the town gossip so her listener will stay with her. That way she is not left alone. Another critic by the name of Robert Laugbaum says that Edna Earle, " is a bit of a snob, she is opinionated and speaks her mind."I agree with this when Edna Earle speaks of Bonnie Dee Peacock. She talks about Bonnie Dee's intellegence, the way she dresses, and suggests that she is railroad trash. It makes the reader believe that Edna Earle is better than Bonnie Dee. Except, deep down, Edna Earle actually likes Bonnie Dee because when she died, "one of the last things she says is that she misses Bonnie Dee" (Nissen, 4). In the article "Seeing through Edna Earle: The Ponder Heartas a Dramatic

Doctor in the House

Text Analysis â€Å"Doctor in the House† (Richard Gordon) 1. The author of the story is Richard Gordon. It is the pen name used by Gordon Ostlere (born Gordon Stanley Ostlere on 15 September 1921), an English surgeon and anesthetist. As Richard Gordon, Ostlere has written numerous novels, screenplays for film and television and accounts of popular history, mostly dealing with the practice of medicine. He is most famous for a long series of comic novels on a medical theme starting with Doctor in the House, and the subsequent film, television, radio and stage adaptations.His The Alarming History of Medicine was published in 1993, and he followed this with The Alarming History of Sex. 2. The literary piece under consideration is fiction, prose fiction, short story. 3. Setting of the story. Geographical location – England, London ( the events take place in St, Swithin’s hospital which is historically located in England, London); Time – the late 1940s Social en vironment – middle class, students. Atmosphere – tense, psychologically difficult. 4. Theme of the story – examination period as a driving force for a psychological and emotional students’ tension. 5.Point of view – the 1st person point of view (â€Å"I walked down the stairs feeling as if I had just finished an eight-round fight†¦Ã¢â‚¬  or â€Å"I stood before table four. I didn’t recognize the examiners. †) 6. The composition: Character sketch 7. 1. Richard Gordon is the main character of the story. He plays the central role in the story so we may call him a protagonist. I consider him to be a flat (simple) character, because Richard has only several personal traits. The author characterizes Richard both directly and indirectly. He is a static, because Gordon remains the same throughout the story. Direct presentation:Richard Gordon was born in 1921. He has been an anesthetist at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, a shipâ€⠄¢s surgeon and an assistant editor of the British Medical Journal. He left medical practice in 1952 and started writing. Indirect presentation: * Hard-working student. Example: Benskin discovered that Malcolm Maxworth was the St. Swithin’s representative on the examining Committee and thenceforward we attended all his ward rounds, standing at the front and gazing at him like impressionable music enthusiasts at the solo violinist. * Intelligent. Example: â€Å"How would you treat a case of tetanus? † My heart leaped hopefully.This was smth I knew, as there had recently been a case at St. Swithin’s. I started off confidentially, reeling out the lines of treatment and feeling much better. â€Å"Pass† he murmured. * Careful, attentive, observant. Example: There were six other candidates waiting to go in with me, who illustrated the types fairly commonly seen in viva waiting-rooms. There was the Nonchalant†¦Next to him a man of Frankly Worried class†¦There was the Crammer, the Old Stager. The other occupant of the room was a woman†¦But the girl had given care to her preparations for the examination†¦I felt sure she would get through.About half-way through the anonymous examinees began to differentiate themselves. Some of them strode up for an extra answer book, with an awkward expression of self-consciousness and superiority on their faces. Others rose to their feet, handed in there papers and left†¦ * Impressionable. Example: The days after the viva were black ones. It was like having a severe accident. For the first few hours I was numbed, unable to realize what had hit me. Then I began to wonder if I would ever make a recovery and win through. My palms were as wet as sponges.My pulse shot in my ears. My face was burning hot and I felt my stomach had been suddenly plucked from mu body. The world stood still. The traffic stopped, the plants ceased growing, men were paralyzed, the clouds hung in the air, the win ds dropped, the tides disappeared, the sun halted in the sky. 7. 2. The plot of the story. The composition of this text consists of the following components: The exposition contains the general information about students’ attitude to the final examinations and the way of preparation for this important event..Narration, when the author describes passing the examinations, written paper and viva, candidates’ excitement and suspense of the results. The    tension reaches its highest degree when poor Gordon almost believes in his fail. And the climax, when the Author describes how the Secretary of the Committee calls out Gordon’s name, because in that moment we become interested in his results, does he pass or fail. The author deliberately postpones the denouement keeping the reader in pressing anticipation. It    comes in the last paragraph, when he hears the magic word â€Å"Pass†. 7. 3.The type of speech. It is the narration ( â€Å"I walked down the s tairs feeling as if I had just finished an eight-round fight†¦Ã¢â‚¬  or â€Å"I stood before table four. I didn’t recognize the examiners. †) with elements of dialogue ( â€Å"â€Å"How did you get on? † I asked. â€Å"So-so† he replied. â€Å"However, I’m not worried. They never read†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) and a great number of descriptive passages (â€Å"The examination began with the writing papers. A single invigilator sat in his gown and hood on a raised platform to keep an eye open for flagrant cheating. He was helped by two or three uniformed porters†¦Ã¢â‚¬  or â€Å"One minute to twelve.The room had suddenly come to a frightening, unexpected silence and stillness, like unexploded bomb. A clock tingled†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). 7. Stylistic devices. * Similes – â€Å"To a medical student the final examinations are something like death†; â€Å"I was shown to a tiny waiting-room furnished with hard chairs, a wooden table, and wind ows that wouldn't open, like the condemned cell. †;â€Å"The days after the viva were black ones. It was like having a severe accident. †;â€Å"The room had suddenly come to a frightening, unexpected silence and stillness, like an unexploded bomb. ; â€Å"they are a straight contest between himself and the examiners, conducted on well-established rules for both, and he goes at them like a prize-fighter†; â€Å"Benskin discovered that Malcolm Maxworth was the St. Swithin's representative on the examining Committee and thenceforward we attended all his ward rounds, standing at the front and gazing at him like impressionable music enthusiasts at the solo violinist†; * Allusion – Bible’s judgment day * Hyperboles – † But the viva is judgment day. A false answer and the od's brow threatens like imminent thunderstorm. † * Repetition of sound [s] -† The room had suddenly come to a frightening, unexpected silence and stillne ss, like an unexploded bomb. A clock tingled twelve in the distance. My palms were as wet as sponges. Someone coughed, and I expected the windows to rattle. With slow scraping feet that could be heard before they appeared the Secretary and the porters came solemnly down the stairs. The elder porter raised his voice. † * Parallels constructions – â€Å"The world stood still.The traffic stopped, the plants ceased growing, men were paralyzed, the clouds hung in the air, the winds dropped, the tides disappeared, the sun halted in the sky. † * Metaphor – â€Å"judgment day†; â€Å"slink miserably out of the exit to seek the opiate oblivion†; * Exaggeration – â€Å"My palms were as wet as sponges†¦ The windows were rattling†¦ My pulse shot in my ears†¦ The world stood still†. 8. The main idea of the text is that the examination is nothing more than an investigation of man’s knowledge. The idea: the final examinat ions are reason for a great psychological pressure and a real challenge for the students.